After years of marred elections, the charter is seen as an important step in avoiding a repeat of the post-election tribal bloodshed in early that pushed the country of about 40 million people to the brink of anarchy.
The new charter was a key provision in the power-sharing deal struck between then-rivals Kibaki and Odinga to end the violence after the election. It permits more devolution to grassroots administrations and an increase in civil liberties. Reform is not only on paper but I doubt the leaders can unite. Six individuals were killed in suspected Islamic militant grenade attacks in Nairobi on March 10, Three individuals were killed in a suspected Islamic militant grenade attack in Mombasa on June 24, Seventeen individuals were killed in suspected Islamic militant grenade attacks against churches in Garissa on July 1, More than 50 individuals were killed in ethnic clashes in Tana River District in Coast Province on August , Following the killing of Muslim cleric Aboud Rogo Mohammed, four individuals were killed in clashes between government police and protesters in Mombasa on August , Some 30 individuals, including eight government policemen, were killed in ethnic clashes in Tana River District in Coast Province on September 10, Three government soldiers were killed by suspected Islamic militants in Garissa on November 19, Three individuals were killed by suspected Islamic militants in Garissa on December 20, Some 40 individuals, including women and children, were killed in ethnic clashes in Tana River District in Coast Province on December 21, Two individuals were killed in a suspected Islamic militant grenade attack in Garissa on January 4, Five individuals were killed in a suspected Islamic militant attack on a restaurant in Garissa on January 16, Seven individuals were killed in an attack on a mosque in the village of Malele Maleley near the border with Somalia on February 21, The EU sent 65 observers from 28 countries led by Alojz Peterle of Slovenia to monitor the presidential and legislative elections from January 19 to April 4, The CON sent 17 short-term observers and six staff personnel led by former president Festus Mogae of Botswana to monitor the presidential and legislative elections from February 25 to March 10, The AU sent 69 observers five long-term and 64 short-term led by former president Joaquim Chissano of Mozambique to monitor the presidential and legislative elections from January 2 to March 15, The Atlanta-based NGO, The Carter Center, sent 14 long-term observers and 30 short-term observers to monitor the presidential and legislative elections.
Two individuals were killed in clashes between protesters and government police in Kisumu on March 30, Uhuru Kenyatta was inaugurated as president on April 9, Eight individuals were killed in suspected Islamic militant attacks in Garissa on April 18, Four government policemen were killed by suspected Islamic militants in Garissa on August 16, Islamic militants attacked the Westgate shopping mall in Nairobi on September , , resulting in the deaths of four militants and 63 civilians.
Four individuals were killed in a bus attack in Eastleigh on December 14, Government police raided a Muslim mosque in Mombasa on February 2, , resulting in three days of clashes between Muslim protesters and government police. Three individuals were killed during the clashes. Government police clashed with anti-corruption protesters in Nairobi on February 13, , resulting in the arrest of five protesters.
Two individuals were killed in a church attack by gunmen in Mombasa on March 23, Abubakar Shariff, a prominent Islamist, was shot and killed near Mombasa on April 1, One other individual was also killed in the attack. Four individuals were killed in a car bombing near a government police station in Nairobi on April 23, Three individuals were killed in a bus station attack in Mombasa on May 3, Three individuals were killed in bus attacks in Nairobi on May 4, At least ten individuals were killed in two bombings in Nairobi on May 16, At least 12 individuals were killed by suspected Islamic militants in Mandera County in northern Kenya on May 19, At least 50 individuals were killed in an attack claimed by the Islamic militant group Al-Shabaab in the town of Mpeketoni in southern Kenya on June 15, At least 15 individuals were killed by Islamic militants in the village of Poromoko in southern Kenya on June 17, At least 20 individuals were killed in violence between the Degodia and Gare communities in northern Kenya on June 22, Five individuals were killed by attackers in the village of Taa in southern Kenya on June 23, On June 26, , Issa Timamy, a regional governor, was charged with terrorism in connection to the attacks in the town of Mpeketoni.
At least 29 individuals were killed by gunmen in the towns of Hindi and Gamba in southern Kenya on July 5, On July 7, , members of opposition CORD coalition led by former prime minister Raila Odinga rallied in Nairobi for political dialogue with the government. Seven individuals, including four government policemen, were killed in a bus attack in Lamu County on July 18, Four individuals were killed by gunmen in Mombasa on July 20, On July 25, , government police killed two individuals who they suspected of plotting to attack a ferry in Mombasa.
On September 10, , Issa Timamy, a regional governor, was cleared of involvement in the June attacks in the town of Mpeketoni. Islamic militants hijacked a bus in Mandera County in northeastern Kenya on November 22, , killing 28 passengers. In response to the killing of 28 bus passengers, government security forces attacked an Islamic military camp in Somalia on November 23, , resulting in the deaths of more than militants.
Islamic militants massacred 36 individuals in Mandera County in northeastern Kenya on December 2, On December 2, , the South African government condemned the recent killings of innocent civilians in Kenya. President Uhuru Kenyatta signed an anti-terrorism law on December 19, Islamic militants attacked Garissa University in Garissa in northeastern Kenya on April 2, , resulting in the deaths of students, three government soldiers, three government police officers, and four militants.
President Barack Obama condemned the attack in Garissa. Islamic militants killed 14 individuals in an attack on a residential complex in the town of Mandera on July 7, Mohamed Mohamud, the mastermind of the Garissa University massacre, was killed in a U.
Islamic militants killed two bus passengers in Mandera County in northeastern Kenya on December 21, Islamic militants killed two government police near the town of El Wak in northeastern Kenya on December 27, , and government troops killed two individuals in Mandera County on December 28, Islamic militants killed three individuals in the village of Pandanguo in Lamu County on January 31, Jacob Juma, a businessman and critic of the government, was shot dead in his car in Nairobi on May 6, Government troops launched an operation against Islamic militants in southeastern Kenya on May 13, , resulting in the deaths of ten suspected militants.
Brown, Stephen. Foeken, Dick. Election Observation and Democratization in Africa. The campaign was organized in two referendum camps, respectively referred to as Bananas "yes" and Oranges "no". The proposed new constitution was rejected by 57 per cent of the votes cast, while 43 per cent voted in favour.
The voter turnout was slightly above 52 per cent. The print and electronic media covered both sides of the campaign in a balanced manner. The state-controlled Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, however, was biased in favour of the "yes" campaign. The referendum campaign reconfirmed that Kenyan politics is characterized by ethno-political cleavages, and political loyalty based on ethnicity. It is reasonable to interpret the result as a popular demand for an alternative new constitution, implying that the constitutional issue has not yet been resolved.
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